ARTIKEL PRESENT PERFECT

Three Fish

Once three fish lived in a pond. One evening, some fishermen passed by the pond and saw the fish. ‘This pond is full of fish’, they told each other excitedly. ‘we have never fished here before. We must come back tomorrow morning with our nets and catch these fish!’ So saying, the fishermen left.

When the eldest of the three fish heard this, he was troubled. He called the other fish together and said, ‘Did you hear what the fishermen said? We must leave this pond at once. The fishermen will return tomorrow and kill us all!’ The second of the three fish agreed. ‘You are right’, he said. ‘We must leave the pond.’

But the youngest fish laughed. ‘You are worrying without reason’, he said. ‘We have lived in this pond all our lives, and no fisherman has ever come here. Why should these men return? I am not going anywhere – my luck will keep me safe’.

The eldest of the fish left the pond that very evening with his entire family. The second fish saw the fishermen coming in the distance early next morning and left the pond at once with all his family. The third fish refused to leave even then.

The fishermen arrived and caught all the fish left in the pond. The third fish’s luck did not help him – he was caught and killed.

TEORY PRESENT PERFECT

Present Perfect

Present perfect tense is used to express action or situation that has or has occurred. When did the act or situation is not too important.

Sentence patterns present perfect tense.

Pattern I

(+) S + have / has + V3

(-) S + have / has + not + V3

(?) Have / has + S + V3

Pattern II

(+) S + have / has + been + adj / Adv / N

(-) S + have / has + not + been + adj / Adv / N

(?) Have / has + S + been + adj / Adv / N

Example sentence pattern I:

I have finished my work.

She has not eaten lunch.

Have you seen That movie?

Sample sentence pattern II:

She has been sick for two days.

They have not been busy for one day.

Have you been here for two hours?

Notes

Has used if the subject is third person singular (he, she, it).

In conversation (present perfect tense) is usually the subject and auxiliary verb experiencing condensation (contraction). And sometimes in the form of writing, the cutting is also used.

I've finished my work.

She's been sick for two days.

Abbreviations' s after the subject of a third person can mean the auxiliary verbs (auxiliary verb) have or be. "It's eaten" can mean:

It has eaten. [present perfect tense, active voice]

It is eaten. [present tense, passive voice]

Consider the context, it will be clear where auxiliary verbs are used.

Present perfect tense is often used in England than in America are more likely to use past tense forms.

Have you Had lunch? (English)

Did you have lunch? (United States)

ARTIKEL DIRECT INDIRECT

Poverty

Poverty continues to be a phenomenal problem throughout the history of Indonesia as a nation state, The history of a country that one look at and take care of poverty. Mismanagement in the country, there is no bigger issue, in addition to the problem of poverty.

Many People said "Poverty has made ​​millions of children cannot be a quality education, health financing difficulties lack of savings and lack of investment, lack of access to public services, lack of jobs, lack of social security and protection of the family, a stronger flow urbanization to the city, and worse, poverty causes millions of people to meet the needs of food, clothing and shelter are limited.

And many people also said poverty, causing villagers willing to sacrifice anything for the sake of safety of life, life safety (James. C. Scott, 1981), risking physicallabor to produce profits for local middlemen and receive wagesthat are not commensurat with the energy costs incurred. Ruralfarm workers work long day, but they n receive very little wage.
 

Poverty becomes a perfect excuse low Human Development Index(HDI), Indonesia Human Development Index. The overall qualityof Indonesian human relative is still very low, compared with human qualities in other countries in the world.
 

Based on the Human Development Report 2004 using 2002 data, The rate Human Development Index (HDI) of Indonesia is 0.692. The index numberis a composite of life expectancy at birth of 66.6 years, literacy rates of people aged 15 years and over amounted to 87.9 percent, combined gross enrollment rate for basic education to higher education by 65 percent, and the Domestic Revenue Gross percapita, calculated based on purchasing power parity (purchasing power parity) of U.S. $3,230. Indonesia HDI ranks only 111th out of 177 countries.

CONTOH DIRECT INDIRECT

Direct 
                                                               
1. She said, " it's was hot"                                        
2. "My name is cynthia", she said                           
3. Mira said , " my country is so beautiful"             
4. He said, " may i open your bag?"                      
5. Iki says "will you marry me?"                             

Indirect

1. She said that it was hot
2. She said that her name is cynthia
3. Mira said that she's country it was beautiful
4. He asked if he might open her bag
5. Febri asked me if he would marry me

TEORY DIRECT INDIRECT

When using indirect or reported speech, the form changes. Usually indirect speech is introduced by the verb said, as in I said, Bill said, or they said. Using the verb say
in this tense, indicates that something was said in the past. In these cases, the main verb in the reported sentence is put in the past. If the main verb is already in a past tense, then the tense changes to another past tense; it can almost be seen as moving even further into the past.

Verb tense changes also characterize other situations using indirect speech. Note the changes shown in the chart and see the table below for examples. With indirect speech, the use of that is optional.

 

Direct Speech	Þ	Indirect Speech
simple present He said, “I go to school every day.”	Þ	simple past He said (that) he went to school every day.
simple past He said, “I went to school every day.”	Þ	past perfect He said (that) he had gone to school every day.
simple past He said (that) he went to school every day.	Þ	past perfect He said (that) he had gone to school every day
present progressive He said, “I am going to school every day.”	Þ	past progressive He said (that) he was going to school every day.
past progressive He said, “I was going to school every day.”	Þ	perfect progressive He said (that) he had been going to school every day,
future (will) He said, “I will go to school every day.”	Þ	would + verb name He said (that) he would go to school every day.
future (going to) He said, “I am going to school every day.”	Þ	present progressive He said (that) he is going to school every day.
		past progressive He said (that) he was going to school every day
Direct Speech	Þ	Indirect Speech
auxiliary + verb name He said, “Do you go to school every day?” He said, “Where do you go to school?”	Þ	simple past He asked me if I went to school every day.* He asked me where I went to school.
imperative He said, “Go to school every day.”	Þ	infinitive He said to go to school every day.

  

*Note than when a Yes/No question is being asked in direct speech, then a construction with if or whether.
 

The situation changes if instead of the common said another part of the very to say is used. In that case the verb tenses usually remain the same. Some examples of this situation are given below. is used. If a WH question is being asked, then use the WH to introduce the clause. Also note that with indirect speech, these are examples of embedded questions.

 

Direct Speech	Þ	Indirect Speech
simple present + simple present He says, “I go to school every day.”	Þ	simple present + simple present He says (that) he goes to school every day
present perfect + simple present He has said, “I go to school every day.”	Þ	present perfect + simple present He has said (that) he goes to school every day.
past progressive + simple past He was saying, “I went to school every day.”	Þ	past progressive + simple past He was saying (that) he went to school every day.
	Þ	past progressive + past perfect He was saying (that) he had gone to school every day.
future + simple present He will say, “I go to school every day.”	Þ	future + simple present He will say (that) he goes to school every day.

 

Another situation is the one in which modal constructions are used. If the verb said is used, then the form of the modal, or another modal that has a past meaning is used.

 

Direct Speech	Þ	Indirect Speech
can He said, “I can go to school every day.”	Þ	could He said (that) he could go to school every day.
may He said, “I may go to school every day.”	Þ	might He said (that) he might go to school every day
might He said, “I might go to school every day.”	Þ
must He said, “I must go to school every day.”	Þ	had to He said (that) he had to go to school every day.
have to He said, “I have to go to school every day.”	Þ
should He said, “I should go to school every day.”	Þ	should He said (that) he should go to school every day.
ought to He said, “I ought to go to school every day.”	Þ	ought to He said (that) he ought to go to school every day.

 

While not all of the possibilities have been listed here, there are enough to provide examples of the main rules governing the use of indirect or reported speech. For other situations, try to extrapolate from the examples here, or better still, refer to a good grammar text or reference book.
 

Some other verbs that can be used to introduce direct speech are: ask, report, tell, announce, suggest, and inquire. They are not used interchangeably; check a grammar or usage book for further information.